Biblical archaeology really begins with the Sumerian civilization of about 2500 BC. To date, numerous sites and artifacts have been uncovered that reveals a great deal about the ancient Mesopotamian culture. Biblical archaeology continues with the great military civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia and their ultimate impact on law and culture throughout the region.  In essence, archaeology itself is based on the study and examination of human cultures through the processes of recovery, documentation, and finally analysis of material remains as well as environmental data such as architecture, bio-facts, human remains, landscapes, and artifacts. The primary goal and purpose of archaeology are to document and provide an explanation regarding the origins and development of human culture, its chronicle evolution and develop an understanding of the history of culture. It also intends to study human behavior and ecology with regards to both prehistoric as well as historic societies. In the US, archaeology is considered to be one of the main sub-fields of anthropology. The study of archeology is a science and a humanistic endeavor.

One significant find is the Law Code of Hammurabi, which is a seven foot tall, black diorite carving containing about 300 laws of Babylon's King Hammurabi (Hammurapi). Dated to about 1750 BC, the Law Code contains many civil laws that are similar to those found in the first five books of the Bible. Another find at the ancient city of Nuzi near the Tigris River uncovered approximately 20,000 clay tablets. Dated between 1500 and 1400 BC, these cuneiform  texts explain the culture and customs of the time, many of which are similar to those found in the early books of the Bible.